Because the -C-H bond is considerably more acidic than the -C-H bond, carbonyl compounds experience highly regioselective allylation at the -position, thus making -allylation a significantly challenging process. This innate reactivity, surprisingly, negatively affects diversity, particularly when the associated alkylation product is the focal point. A cooperative nickel and photoredox catalytic system is utilized to achieve a formal intermolecular -C-C bond-forming reaction, applicable to a broad range of aldehydes and ketones, including diverse allyl electrophiles. Selectivity is established by initially transforming aldehydes and ketones into their corresponding silyl enol ethers. The overall transformation showcases remarkable regioselectivity, wide functional group compatibility, high reaction efficiency, and mild conditions. Through cooperative catalysis, the -allylation of carbonyl compounds is made facile and regioselective, allowing the synthesis of valuable building blocks, a challenge overcome due to the limitations of existing aldehyde and ketone methodologies.
The disconnect between emotional response and motivational drive, rather than the inability to recognize or differentiate emotions, is seen as a core contributor to avolition in schizophrenia. Consequently, goal-oriented actions spurred by positive or negative reinforcement lose their vibrancy and become monotonous. It is further proposed that actions aimed at future goals (anticipatory or representational responses) are more likely to be impacted than actions addressing immediate circumstances (consummatory or evoked responses). Research using the anticipatory and consummatory pleasure (ACP) methodology has exhibited impairments in both components of their behavioral responses, yet some have questioned these findings. In a replication study, the present investigation further characterized the pronounced deficits in valence-dependent consummatory and anticipatory responses in 40 schizophrenia patients compared to a control group of 42 healthy participants. Besides this, two novel observations were found. The schizophrenic group displayed a pronounced weakening of the correlation between emotional intensity ratings and arousal levels of pictures utilized in the ACP task, suggesting a broader emotional detachment that extends beyond the context of goal-oriented actions. Multiple correlations between ACP performance indices and letter-number span test scores were observed only in the SZ group, and not in healthy controls. The co-presence of ACP and working memory deficiency in individuals with SZ could potentially be related to common psychopathological processes at play. check details The American Psychological Association, copyright 2023, retains all rights to this PsycINFO database record.
Even though the obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) literature extensively addresses the link between memory performance and executive function, the specific influences of different executive control elements remain unidentified. We extend our prior multilevel meta-analysis (Persson et al., 2021), which determined executive function demands to be the most consequential determinant of memory deficits in OCD, to encompass a more detailed scrutiny of executive control, differentiating its top-down (attentional control, maintenance and updating, planning) and bottom-up (perceptual integration, perceptual salience) functions. check details The multilevel structure of our meta-analysis enabled us to handle the interdependency of 255 effect sizes across 131 studies, resulting in a sample size of 4101 OCD patients. Results suggested that memory performance was predicted by both general factors of maintenance and updating (top-down) and perceptual integration (bottom-up), and more specifically, in those experiencing clinical OCD. Initial investigations hinted at potentially varying responses to this effect across subgroups of subclinical OCD; however, these results demand a nuanced understanding of their limitations. These results stem from shortcomings in sensory (perceptual integration) and working memory (maintenance and updating) gating, and we suggest a model that captures their impact on obsessive-compulsive characteristics. Our meta-analysis, in its final analysis, has augmented our comprehension of cognitive function in OCD, pointing towards potential, as-yet-untapped cognitive targets for intervention. Copyright 2023 APA, all rights pertaining to this PsycINFO database record are reserved.
Suicide attempters experiencing depression demonstrate patterns of attentional bias that are connected to suicide. The theoretical basis proposed by Wenzel and Beck indicates that attentional biases toward suicide-related matters contribute to the susceptibility of individuals to suicide. In this investigation, we combined eye-tracking metrics related to suicidal attentional biases with self-reported data to evaluate their proposed model. A free-viewing eye-tracking paradigm was employed to evaluate responses to four images with varying emotional content (suicide-related, negative, positive, and neutral). 76 subjects with unipolar or bipolar depression, 66 non-suicidal depressed participants, and 105 healthy, never-depressed controls were included in the study. To verify the theory, structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied. The 25-second trial revealed a disparity in the attention directed towards suicide-relevant stimuli between SA and ND participants, with SA participants allocating more time to these stimuli. In initial assessments, SA and ND participants reacted more promptly to suicide-related stimuli than their HC counterparts. In terms of both the initial frequency of viewing the suicide images and the rate of disengagement, the groups did not differ. Wenzel and Beck's cognitive theory of suicide-related information processing is well-supported by an SEM that successfully incorporates self-reported hopelessness and eye-tracking data on attentional biases. check details Suicide-related attentional focus could potentially elevate the susceptibility to suicidal ideation and ultimate self-harming behaviors. The APA's 2023 PsycINFO Database Record retains all associated copyrights.
Neurological symptoms, such as headaches, fatigue, and attentional problems, persisting after a COVID-19 illness, are characteristic of long COVID. Subjective cognitive complaints in recovered COVID-19 patients were amplified by exposure to information pertaining to long-COVID diagnoses (i.e., threat), contrasting with the group exposed to neutral information (Winter & Braw, 2022). Of particular note, the impact of this effect was most pronounced in participants characterized by a higher degree of suggestibility. This study aimed to confirm these preliminary findings and to explore how additional variables, like suggestibility, influenced the outcomes.
Following random assignment to either a diagnosis threat condition (exposure to a long COVID article) or a control condition, 270 recovered patients and 290 controls detailed daily cognitive failures.
The diagnosis threat situation led to a higher occurrence of cognitive failures in the recovered patient group, but not in the control group, in contrast to the control condition. Relevant demographic variables and suggestibility, when coupled with a diagnosis threat, substantially enhanced the prediction of cognitive complaints. The interplay of diagnosis threat and suggestibility resulted in heightened vulnerability among those easily influenced.
Complaints about cognitive difficulties in recovered COVID-19 patients might be exacerbated by the perceived threat of long-term neurological issues. Suggestion's influence could act as an underlying mechanism that magnifies the impact of a diagnosed threat. Vaccination status, among other factors, may hold significance, although a comprehensive understanding of its influence is still at an early stage of research. Future research may examine these potential contributors, enabling the identification of risk factors that influence persistent COVID-19 symptoms after the resolution of the initial acute phase. All rights pertaining to the PsycINFO database record of 2023 are reserved by APA.
The diagnosis threat could be a factor in the continued reporting of cognitive impairment problems by those who have recovered from COVID-19. The influence of suggestion could mediate the heightened impact experienced when facing a diagnosis-related threat. Other factors, such as vaccination status, may still be in play, even though we're only in the initial stages of studying how they might affect the situation. Future research should prioritize the examination of these facets, potentially illuminating risk factors for continuing COVID-19 symptoms after the acute phase has concluded. APA retains all rights to the PsycINFO database from 2023.
A proposed theory suggests that the aggregate effect of chronic stressors encountered across various life domains diminishes health by modifying the impact of daily stressors on daily emotional state and physical well-being. Recent research underscores how substantial accumulated stress intensifies the link between everyday stressors and heightened daily negative feelings, although the precise manner in which cumulative stress and daily stressors combine to forecast daily symptoms remains an open question.
Our research utilized a dataset from the second phase of the U.S. Midlife Survey, involving 2022 participants (M.).
A study of 562 participants (57.2% female) aimed to determine if the effects of compounding stress on daily symptoms varied between days with and without stressful experiences. Existing in a serene atmosphere, unaffected by the disruptive forces of stressful events. Daily physical symptoms, their frequency, quantity, and severity, in conjunction with daily stressors and experiences of life stress across eight domains, were analyzed through multilevel modeling.
A greater degree of cumulative stress, and the experience of (compared with Not encountering a daily stressor was an independent risk factor for increased occurrences, frequency, and severity of daily symptoms (p = 0.016). Furthermore, when controlling for variables like socio-economic background, existing health conditions, percentage of days with stressors reported, and health practices, the association between daily stressor exposure and the likelihood, quantity, and severity of daily symptoms increased with the accumulation of stress (p < .009).